TET 2 Sanskrit Test 1 Sanskrit is an ancient and classical language of India in which the first book of the world, the Rigveda, was compiled. The Vedas, which are dated by scholars between 6500 B.C. and 1500 B.C., were written in a form of the language known as Vedic Sanskrit. The language evolved over time, with the development of various schools of grammar, such as the one written by Panini in 500 B.C. in his book Ashtadhyayi.
Today, the correctness of Sanskrit is judged by Panini’s grammar. Sanskrit is considered to belong to the Indo-Aryan or Indo-Germanic family of languages and is still used by scholars in India and other parts of the world. It is considered eternal and divine in Indian tradition. It has been the source of other languages and literature in India, such as Pali and Prakrit, and has greatly influenced the development of modern Indian languages.
TET 2 Sanskrit Test 1
Sanskrit literature is vast and encompasses the four aims of human life, known as Purusharthas: Dharma (duties and responsibilities), Artha (monetary necessities), Kama (human desires), and Moksha (freedom from birth and re-birth and worldly involvement). The foundation of Dharma is the Vedas, which include Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samveda, and Atharvaveda. Brahman granthas provide detailed explanations of Vedic literature and the performance of Yajnas, while Aranyakas and Upanishads discuss the internal meaning of the Vedas and the path to Moksha.
Six Vedangas, including Shiksha, Vyakarana, Kalpa, Chhandas, Nirukta, and Jyotish, assist in understanding the Vedas. The first epic, Ramayana, was written by Valmiki in 500 BC and had a great impact on later literature. The second epic, Mahabharata, was written by Krishanadwaipayana Vyasa and is considered an encyclopedia of knowledge.
TET 2 Sanskrit Test 1
Poets such as Kalidasa and Ashvaghosa also made significant contributions during the Gupta period. Other divisions of classical literature include historical Kavyas, lyric poetry, erotic poetry, and works on poetics and anthologies.
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The relationship between Sanskrit and the Prakrit languages, which include the modern form of Indian languages, is complex and spans about 3,500 years. According to linguist Colin Masica, a lack of sufficient textual, archaeological and epigraphical evidence for the ancient Prakrit languages, with rare exceptions such as Pali, leads to a tendency of anachronistic errors.
TET 2 Sanskrit Test 1
The languages may be divided into Old Indo-Aryan (1500 BCE–600 BCE), Middle Indo-Aryan (600 BCE–1000 CE) and New Indo-Aryan (1000 CE–present), each of which can be further subdivided into early, middle, and late evolutionary stages. Vedic Sanskrit belongs to the early Old Indo-Aryan stage, while Classical Sanskrit belongs to the later Old Indo-Aryan stage. Prakrit languages, such as Pali and Ardhamagadhi, emerge in the Middle Indo-Aryan stage, along with Magadhi, Maharashtri, Sinhala, Sauraseni, and Niya.
Apabhramsa and Elu can be traced to the late Middle Indo-Aryan stage. Modern Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, Gujarati, Sindhi, Punjabi, Kashmiri, Nepali, Braj, Awadhi, Bengali, Assamese, Oriya, and Marathi, belong to the New Indo-Aryan stage. These languages have an extensive overlap in vocabulary, phonetics, and other aspects with Sanskrit, but it is not universal or identical across all languages.
TET 2 Sanskrit Test 1
They likely emerged from a synthesis of ancient Sanskrit language traditions and regional dialects, each with unique and regionally creative aspects. It is widely accepted by scholars and believed in India that the modern Indo-Aryan languages are descendants of the Sanskrit language, and that Sanskrit can be described as “the mother language of almost all the languages of north India.”